PERTEMUAN12_EVIDENCE

EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

    Chemical reactions occur all the time in everyday life. Every time you eat, your body uses a chemical reaction to break your food into energy. Other examples include rusted metal, burning wood, electrically generating batteries, and photosynthesis in plants. Understanding chemical reactions.

      What are reactants, reactants, and products?

Reactants and reagents are substances used to perform chemical reaction processes. A reactant is a substance that is consumed or used during a reaction. Substances produced by chemical reactions are called products.

      All chemical bonds posses potential energy.  In a chemical reaction this energy is changed when old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. Chemical changes are different from physical changes.  When a physical change occurs there is no breaking and forming of bonds.  There are certain things that will help us identify if a chemical reaction has taken place.  We call these evidences of chemical reactions.  

1. Light is given off: Potential energy in valance electrons is released in the form of light.
2. Gas is given off: Indicates an increase in kinetic energy of the atom (compound) as it is changed to a gas.
3. Temperature change: Exothermic is an increase in the speed of the molecules (heat). Exothermic is the taking in of energy.
4. Color change: the increase or decrease of potential energy stored in new bonds.
5. Precipitate formed: increase or decrease of potential energy in new bonds formed.
6. Electrical potential: The release of chemical bond energies to cause the movement of  valence electrons. 

A chemical change is characterized by the formation of new compounds that are different from the compound pereaksinya. Chemical reactions are said to take place if one thing is observed among them:

- The reaction changes color

- There is formed precipitate

- There is a temperature change or gas formation

EXAMPLE

  If Na2CO3 is reacted with HCl or with BaCl2 it will form the precipitate and the color of the solution becomes turbid.

  When NaOH is reacted with Pb (NO 3) 2 or with HCl there is no precipitate

      All chemical reactions, whether simple or complex, involve changes in substances. One or more starting substances, the reactants, are changed into one or more new substances, the products.

Reactants à Products

In a chemical reaction the ways in which atoms are joined together are changed. Bonds are broken and new bonds are formed as reactants are converted into products. The atoms are not created or destroyed. They are just rearranged.

Chemical reactions can be described in different ways. For example, we could say: "Iron reacts with oxygen to produce iron (III) oxide (rust)." Alternatively, we could identify the reactants and product in this reaction by writing a word equation.

 Chemical reactions can happen anywhere around us, not just in the laboratory. Matter interacts to form new products through a process called chemical reactions or chemical changes. Every time we cook or are cleaning, it is also a chemical in action. Our bodies live and grow thanks to chemical reactions.

1.      Fotosintesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, usually from the Sun, into chemical energy that can then be liberated to fuel organism activity. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water. In most cases, oxygen is also produced as a waste product. Most plants, mostly algae, and cyanobacteria do photosynthesis, and these organisms are called photoautotrophs.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

2.      Respiration

Aerobic cellular respiration is the reverse process of photosynthesis in molecular energy coupled with the oxygen we breathe to release the energy required by our cells plus carbon dioxide and water. The energy used by cells is the chemical energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (36 ATPs)

3.      Corrosion

Rust is iron oxide, usually a red oxide formed by redox reactions of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air humidity. Some forms of rust are distinguished both visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances. Rust consists of hydrated iron (III) oxide Fe2O3 · nH2O and iron (III) oxides-hydroxides (FeO (OH), Fe (OH) 3).

Here is the chemical equation for iron rust:

Fe + O2 + H2O → Fe2O3. XH2O

4.      Mixing chemicals

If we just combine vinegar and baking soda to make chemical volcanoes or milk with baking powder in a recipe, we experience the displacement or double reaction metathesis (plus some other things). The material recombines to produce carbon dioxide and water gases. The form of carbon dioxide bubbles in the volcano and can help increase roasting.

These reactions seem simple in practice, but often consist of several steps. Here is the overall chemical equation for the reaction between baking soda and vinegar:

HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaHCO3 (aq) → NaC2H3O2 (aq) + H2O () + CO2 (g)

5.      Chemical reactions by  Soaps and detergents

         Soaps and detergents can be cleaned by using chemical reactions. Soap emulsifies dirt, which means soap binds stain oil stains so they can be cleaned with water. The detergent acts as a surfactant, lowering the surface tension of the water so it can interact with oil, isolate them, and and clean it.

CAUSE AND EFFECT EXAMPLE

CAUSE AND EFFECT

Corrosion is the destruction or degradation of metals due to a redox reaction between a metal and various substances in the environment that produce undesirable compounds. In ordinary language, corrosion is called kararatan. The most common example of corrosion is iron fi gure. In corrosion events, the metal undergoes oxidation, while oxygen (air) is reduced. The metal rust is generally an oxide or carbonate. The chemical rust formula is Fe2O3.nH2O, a solid brown-red substance. The iron ions (II) formed at the anode subsequently oxidized to form iron (III) ions which then form the hydrated oxide compound, which is iron rust. As to which part of the iron acts as anode and which part acts as a cathode, it depends on various factors, such as impurities, or the density of the metal.

          Corrosion can also be interpreted as an attack that damages the metal because the metal reacts chemically or electrochemically with the environment. There is another definition which says that corrosion is the opposite of a metal extraction process from its mineral ore. For example, iron ore minerals in the wild are present in the form of iron oxide or iron sulphide compounds, after extracting and treating, an iron will be produced for the manufacture of steel or alloy steel. During use, the steel will react with the environment causing corrosion (back to the iron oxide compound).

Anode: Fe(s) → Fe²⁺(aq) + 2e^-
Katode: O₂(g) + 4H⁺(aq) + 4e^- → 2H₂O(l)

Zelvy   : Hi dara! I left an iron metal in my yard over a month

Dara    : Really?

Zelvy   : Yeah, So what will happen after those week pass?

Dara    : I think the color of the iron metal will changes become red

Zelvy   : Why?

Dara    : It's call corrosion, corrosion occurs through a redox reaction, in which the metal undergoes oxidation, while the oxygen is reduced.

Zelvy    : How did you know that?

Dara     : Just reading my chemistry book

Cause     :  Iron metal is left open in the yard for a month

Effect       :  The color of iron metal changes become red

DIALOGUE BETWEEN TEACHER AND STUDENT

Ira         : Good afternoon miss

Miss dara : good morning too ira,how are you ? what are you okey today?

Ira          : i feel good than yesterday miss

Miss dara  : that sounds good, that means you do not get boraks, saccharin, formalin etc. anymore, right?

Ira          : thats right, i want to ask you something miss

Miss dara  : yes,please?

Ira          :  It seems yesterday i get additive because I make a food and I bought in front of school, is it true that 

                  if The additive is dangerous?

Miss dara : oh my god, I think there may be chemicals contained in the additive that cause you to become Exposed to harmful effects

Ira          : really miss? What chemicals Exposed to harmful effects ?

Miss dara : There are some chemicals that are Exposed to harmful effects:

1.  The use of saccharin as an artificial sweetener excessively, can stimulate the growth of tumor cells of the bladder.

2. The use of cyclamate salts can make the body's metabolic processes produce cyclohexamine compounds, in which these compounds can cause cancer, and disrupt the digestive system.

3. Formalin and borax are actually non-food preservatives but are still often used to preserve food, causing complex health effects, including: nervous system disorders, gastric bleeding, brain complications, kidney failure, and other types of ailments that attack Organs of the brain, liver, kidneys, and skin (Danger of Formalin & Dangers of Borax).

4. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) or vetsin can cause "Chinese Restaurant Syndrome", ie pain in the head, such as head throbbing and dizziness. It can also damage nerve tissue, trauma, stress, hypertension, depression, skin allergies and accelerate aging.

5. Sulfites and their derivatives are the triggers of asthma attacks.

Ira        : Waah ,I just know miss if in the food a lot of chemicals inserted by the naughty traders

Miss dara : Really ira, hopefully by knowing various kinds of hazardous chemicals in food and drinks that exist around us make us avoid 

                the danger of disease. So, from now on, be careful before buying food huh?

Ira          : oke, Thankyou so much miss, i will be more careful and take care of my health, I go to class first miss,see you

Miss dara: see you

VIDEO FROM YOUTUBE  https://youtu.be/7wmtb4ErULQ

VOCABULARY

1. Compound : The term chemical mix (two substances and so on) that has been combined properly the combination of two substances and so on.

2. Serealin : The chemical term of nitrogen compounds in rice bran.

3. Cerium : The chemical term of rare earth metal, gray, elastic, and malleable; Element with atomic number 58, bearing Ce, atomic weight 140,12

4.  Synthetic : regarding synthesis; Based on synthesis (about law, conclusions, etc.): synthetic decision making.

5. Citrate : The chemical term of an ester or anion derived from citric acid.

6. Spalling : The chemical term of the bombing of the target core so that the nucleus catapults some particles.

7. Spectrochemistry : The chemical term of a chemical branch that uses light to analyze chemistry.

8. Steroids : The chemical terms of organic compounds with distinct cycle structures are distinct from the side chain.

9. Stoichiometry : Chemical term chemistry branch that discusses the determination of the ratio of quantities in chemical reactions.

10. Substrates : compounds that are altered by the action of the enzyme; Substances that are altered by enzymes

11. Sudip : The chemical term of a rod with a length of 15 cm with a flat tip used to place a paste or take a chemical from a bottle.

12. Sucrose : The term white crystalline chemistry, C12H22O11, is water-soluble, obtained from sugar cane or sugar beet, used as a sweetener in drinks and food; Saccharose; sugar.

13. Sulfur : The chemical term of the brittle mass is yellow, but may also be of another form, such as a clear crystal; Sulfur; Element with the atomic number 16, bearing S, and atomic weight 32,06.

14. Tautomerism : The chemical terms of the symptoms of two or more isomers which are in equilibrium with each other.

15. Alum : The chemical term of the sulphate and aluminum sulfate salt, used to purify water or dye mixtures.

16. Termal : The term chemistry is related to heat.

17. Thermochemistry : The term chemistry studies the influence of heat on chemical reactions.

18. Termolabil : The term chemical tends to be damaged or altered by many simple warming (such as freezing proteins, microorganisms, bacterial toxins and certain isomers).

19. Tisotropy : The chemical term of fluid symptoms that thickens if it is ignored and more dilute when shaken.

20. Titrimetry : The chemical term measures the volume of a standard solution equivalent to the quantity of the sample.

21. Toxicology : The chemical term of the science of harmful toxic substances.

22. Toxins : The chemical terms of toxic substances formed and excreted by organisms that cause radical damage in structure or physiology, undermine the total life or effectiveness of the organism in one part.

23. Toluene : The chemical term of watercolor is refractory, colorless with a distinctive odor burning with a smoky flame.

24. Volt : The chemical term unit of electrical potential required to drain one ampere of electric current through a one ohm obstacle

25. Polister : The chemical term of the polymer group, mainly used in the manufacture of fibers and plastics.

26. Radiocarbon : The chemical term of carbon-14; Radioactive isotopes of carbon elements.

27. Radiolysis : The chemical term dissociation of molecules by irradiation, for example the small quantity of water in the reactor core is dissolved into hydrogen and oxygen during irradiation.

28. Chain

 (1) the rope of the corresponding ring, usually made of metal, plastics, and so on;

 (2) necklaces;

 (3) ties; Ties: break the engagement chain;

 (4) shackles; Confinement; Power: escape from the chain of invaders;

 (5) The chemical term of an atomic series bound to a homopoler bond, for example a carbon chain

29. Carbon chains : The chemical terms of carbon atom bonds are successively in one compound.

30. Reactants : The chemical terms of the reagent (chemical) as indicated in a reaction equation.

31. Renin: milk protein decompressing enzymes (casein) commonly obtained from prankreas calves.
32. Reometry: The chemical term measures the force of the flow of a substance and the rate at which the substance is flowing.
33. Sakarida: a group of organic compounds that produce sugars derived from a variety of ingredients, such as milk sugar, starch, and fruit sugar.
34. Silicon: The chemical terms of non-metallic elements of the carbon class are present in several forms (such as amorphous, graphite-like, diamondlike), found in the earth's crust as silicates; An element with an atomic number 14, bearing Si, and an atomic weight of 28,086.
35. Citrate: The chemical term ester or anion derived from citric acid.
36. Spalling: The chemical term of the bombing of the target core so that the nucleus catapults some particles.
37. Spectrochemistry: The chemical term of a chemical branch that uses light to analyze chemistry.
38. Streptomycin: The chemical term of water-soluble antibiotics, produced by Streptomyces griseus, is mainly used in the treatment of tuberculosis; C21H39N7O12.
39. sublimation
 (1) change to one level higher;
 (2) The term psychology of a primitive diversion of passion into a behavior acceptable to the norms of society;
 (3) a direct change in the solid form of a substance into a vapor without passing through a liquid form.

40. superphosphate
 (1) phosphate salt (PO43-) with maximum phosphorus content;
 (2) calcium phosphate fertilizer with maximum phosphorus content

REFERENCE

1. Siahaan, P., 2010, Kimia Supramolekul: Metode Komputasi, belum diterbitkan.
2. Siahaan, P. dan Windarti, T., 2008, Pembuatan dan kajian struktur dan dinamika molekul Material biokompatibel bioselulosa sebagai bahan dasar tulang artifisial, Penelitian Ristek.
3. Siahaan, P. dan Windarti, T., 2009, Pembuatan dan kajian struktur dan dinamika molekul Material biokompatibel bioselulosa sebagai bahan dasar tulang artifisial, Penelitian Ristek.

Pertemuan11 SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT

CAUSE AND EFFECT

Equation of reaction defined as equation expressing equivalence of Iihat vitamins amount in concerned in reaction of chemistry by using chemical formula. In reaction of chemistry there are Iihat vitamins of pereaksi Iihat vitamins and result of reaction. In writing down equation of reaction, chemical formula of pereaksi written down [in] left internode and chemical formula result of reaction written down by in joint right. Between both that internode [is] attributed to dart (?) expressing direction reaction of chemistry.

Example [of]:

 Metal Magnesium react with chlorine gas form chloride magnesium. Writing down equation of reaction him.

 Equation of reaction him [is] Mg + Cl2 ? Mgcl2

If happened reaction of chemistry, can perceive [by] three kinds of change : Sifatb.Perubahan Susunanc.Perubahan Energisemua a.Perubahan change of chemistry of course mains [at] law pelestarianhukum of law and energi of[is continuation of mass energi. formation of Senyawakimia certain by sure formation law and law comparison of basal berada.Azas which constitute all change of theoretical chemical area kimiamerupakan, correlation [among/between] element concept of dansenyawa fourthly the law above obtained in Teoriasam Dalton, first modern theory [regarding/ hit] molecule and atom of sebagaipartikel basal of Iihat vitamins which grow from this theory [among/between] scale lainadalah, atomic weight relative elements dissolved [by] atomic weight menurutbertambahnya, elements appearance regularly certain dengansifat-sifat push meddeleu tabulate periodicly [of] dariunsur-unsur and forecast the existence of some element which [is] belumdiketahui. Its it[him] and from there proportion relative as atom in set of is smallest [of] compound given by compound formula, [is] wherein used [by] that chemical element device.

            Chemical reactions are chemical change events of substances that react (reactants) to reaction products (products). In the chemical reaction always produced new substances with new properties. Chemical reactions are written using elemental symbols.

A. The characteristics of chemical reactions

When chemical reactions occur, there are changes we can observe. Note the following chemical reaction characteristics.

A. Chemical Reactions May Cause Color Changes: For example we can observe that the purple color in potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4) will change if reacted with oxalic acid solution (H2C2 O4)

This chemical change occurs because the potassium permanganate compound turns into a colorless manganese sulphate (MnSO4) compound. Likewise, the green copper carbonate (CuCO3) will turn into a black-colored copper oxide (Cu2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) after heating.

B. Chemical Reactions Can Form Sludges

 When barium chloride (BaCl2) is reacted with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) it will produce a barium sulphate white precipitate (BaSO4). This white precipitate formed is difficult to dissolve in water. The chemical reactions can be written as follows.

          BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

         (Solution) (solution) (solid) (solution)

Lots of chemicals reacted to precipitate. Another example is the silver nitrate solution (AgNO3) reacted with sodium chloride solution (NaCl) resulting in a silver white chloride (AgCl) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) solution.

             AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

   (Solution) (solution) (solids) (solution)

Actually what is sediment? The precipitate is a substance that separates itself as a solid phase of the solution. The precipitate may be crystalline or colloidal and may

Removed from the solution by filtration or centrifugation. The precipitate is formed when the solution becomes too saturated with the solute. The solubility of a precipitate is the same

 With the molar concentration of the saturated solution. The solubility solubility increases with increasing temperature, although in some special cases (such as potassium sulfate),

Going the other way around. The rate of increase in solubility with different temperatures. In some cases, changes in solubility with changing temperature may be the reason for separation.

 For example the separation of lead ions from silver and mercury (I) can be achieved by depositing the three ions initially as chlorides, continued by adding hot water to the mixture. Hot water will dissolve lead chloride (PbCl2) but silver and mercury (I) chloride (HgCl) does not dissolve in it. After filtering the hot solution, lead ions will be found in the filtrate.

C. Chemical Reactions May Cause Temperature Changes

 You can prove that chemical reactions can cause temperature changes. In the experiments reacting sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) there was an increase in temperature. Well, a chemical reaction that produces a temperature rise is called an exothermic reaction. Exothermic reactions can be found in paper burning and gasoline combustion in motor vehicles. In the second experiment, when you react the mixture of barium hydroxide (Ba (OH) 2) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) , The solution will absorb the heat around it resulting in a decrease in temperature. The chemical reaction that absorbs heat around it is called the endothermic reaction. Examples of endothermic reactions in everyday life are photosynthesis and food cooking.

D. Chemical Reactions Cause Gas

 Have you ever dissolved high calcium vitamin tablets (effervescent tablets) into a glass of water? When you dissolve high calcium vitamin tablets into a glass of water, you will see bubbles of gas emerging from the solution. This proves that in the event of a chemical reaction can cause gas. In addition to the above example, you can also observe chemical reactions

Which produces gas when you open carbonated drink cans.

B. Types of chemical reactions

1. Burning reaction

Combustion reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a compound together with oxygen react with each other so that the formation of new compounds consisting of oxygen.

The main characteristic of this reaction is that the role of oxygen is quite large, as has been known the availability of oxygen is an absolute requirement of a propane combustion reaction that produces a new substance of carbon dioxide

Reaction example: C3H8 + O2 à CO2 + H2O

2. Reaction of merging

The merging reaction is a type of chemical reaction that occurs formation of a new substance comprising the substances forming the substance. The coalescing reaction is also called the forming reaction. The main concept of the reaction is that the new substance that is formed must come from the reaction between the substances.

Reaction Example: xample of the above reaction is the reaction of water formation from the formation of its constituents, namely Hydrogen and Oxygen. At the initial state and room temperature, the forming agents can not be encountered in the form of monoatomic elements (elements formed only from one atom). Under normal circumstances, elements such as hydrogen and oxygen consist of two atoms called diatomic elements.

3. Decomposition reaction

The decomposition reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs where larger and more complex substances are decomposed into their sulfur substances. When noticed, this type of chemical reaction is the opposite of a merger or forming reaction. For more details see the following example of the reaction.

HCl

As is the case with the reaction of the formation of substances formed from the decomposition reaction must also form into stable substances from the forming elements.

4. Metathetic reaction

Metathetic reaction is the exchange reaction of two ectolite-forming ions of certain salts. The reaction may occur when one of the reactants or the desired reaction product has a low moisture in the water (solvent). In other words, this reaction can occur when the sludge precipitates as the final product of the reaction.

Reaction Example:

NaCl + AgNO3 -> AgCl + NaNO3

Daftar Pustaka

Keenan, A. Hadyana Pudjaatmaja, PH. CL, 1992,Kimia Untuk Universitas, Jilid 1, Erlangga,

           Bandung.

Petrucci, H. Ralph, Suminar,1989,Kimia Dasar , Edisi Ke-4 Jilid 1, Erlangga,Jakarta

CHEMISTRY ARTICLE

SORPTION AND DISPERSION OF STRONTIUM RADIONUCLIDE IN THE BENTONITEQUARTZ-CLAY AS BACKFILL MATERIAL CANDIDATE ON RADIOACTIVE WASTE

The experiment of sorption and dispersion characteristics of strontium in the mixture of bentonite-quartz, clay quartz, bentonite-clay-quartz as candidate of raw material for backfill material in the radioactive waste repository has been performed. The objective of this research is to know the grain size effect of bentonite, clay, and quartz on the weight percent ratio of bentonite to quartz, clay to quartz, bentonite to clay to-quartz can be gives physical characteristics of best such as bulk density (ρb), effective porosity (ε), permeability (K), best sorption characteristic such as distribution coefficient (Kd), and best dispersion characteristics such as dispersivity (α) and effective dispersion coefficient (De) of strontium in the backfill material candidate. The experiment was carried out in the column filled by the mixture of bentonite-quartz, clay-quartz, bentonite-clay-quartz with the weight percent ratio of bentonite to quartz, clay to quartz, bentonite to clay to quartz of 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100 respectively at saturated condition of water, then flowed 0.1 N Sr(NO3)2 as buffer solution with tracer of 0.05 Ci/cm3 90Sr as strontium radionuclide simulation was leached from immobilized radioactive waste in the radioactive waste repository.

 The concentration of 90Sr in the effluents represented as Ct were analyzed by Ortec β counter every 30 min, then by using profile concentration of Co and Ct, values of Kd, α and De of 90Sr in the backfill material was determined. The experiment data showed that the best results were -80+120 mesh grain size of bentonite, clay, quartz respectively on the weight percent ratio of bentonite to clay to quartz of 70/10/20 with physical characteristics of ρb = 0.658 g/cm3 , ε = 0.666 cm3 /cm3 , and K = 1.680x10-2 cm/sec, sorption characteristic of Kd = 46.108 cm3 /g, dispersion characteristics of α = 5.443 cm, and De = 1.808x10-03 cm2 /sec can be proposed as candidate of raw material of backfill material in the radioactive waste repository.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Materials The materials used in this experiment were bentonite has chemical composition in the weight % as follows: H2O- (1.80%), pH at 25 °C with 10% solid (8.05%), result of dry sample at 105 °C: SiO2 (64.73%), Al2O3 (13.14%), Fe2O3 (2.92%), CaO (4.13%), MgO (1.40%), TiO2 (0.36%), K2O (1.64%), Na2O (1.97%), H2O+ (6.03%) [7]. Whereas, quartz used in this experiment from accumulating basin of the Sermo Kulon Progo with SiO2 content of 77.89 wt.%, and clay from the Kasongan Bantul. Whereas as simulation of radionuclide in the radioactive waste will be dispersed is tracer of 90Sr. The simulation of radionuclide is 90Sr tracer with concentration of 0.01 Ci/cm3 in the liquid of Sr(NO3)2 0.1 N as buffer. Instrumentation The equipments utilized in this experiment were sieving pans of ASTM ISO 585-R20 standard, oven Sybron, analytic balance Sartorius, β counter Ortec, glass column, glass apparatus. Procedure Preparation of Local Minerals (Bentonite, Quartz, Clay) Powders Gravels of bentonite from Nanggulan Kulon Progo were dried in a oven until its constant weight, then it was crushed to powders. The bentonite powders were poured in the sieving pan of ASTM ISO 585-R20 standard with the sieve from upper to bottom of 16 mesh and 30 mesh, and then were sieved. The bentonite powder grain size of -16+30 mesh was kept on the sieving pan of 30 mesh. The same method was used for the sieve from upper to bottom of 30 and 40 mesh, 40 and 50 mesh, 50 and 60 mesh, 60 and 70 mesh, 80 and 120 mesh respectively until the grains size bentonite of -30+40 mesh, -40+50 mesh, -50+60 mesh, -60+70 mesh, -80+120 mesh respectively were obtained. Preparation of quartz with SiO2 content of 77.89 wt.% from accumulating basin of Sermo Kulon Progo and clay powders from Kasongan Bantul was carried out by the same method as that of bentonite powders. Determination of Bulk Density of Bentonite, Quartz, and Clay Powders by ASTM D1895B A21.A Method The bentonite powders were poured excessively into the bowl of cylindrical glass with known volume (V) and weight (M1). The excess of bentonite powders was scraped horizontal by using thin blade precise at upper segment of the bowl. The bowl was filled with bentonite powders weighed as M2. Bulk density of bentonite (ρb) is determined by equation [8]: 2 b M M V ρ − = 1 (2) Determination of bulk density of quartz and clay powders was carried out by the same method as that of bentonite powders.

Determination of Effective Porosity of Bentonite, Quartz, and Clay Bed The porosity of samples was determined by an apparatus as shown in Fig. 2. The 2 glass column filled with the powder of single local mineral (bentonite or quartz or clay) or the mixture of (bentonite-quartz or clay-quartz or bentonite-clay-quartz) of V1 bed volume was flowed with distilled water from burette 1 through bottom of the 2 glass column. When the distilled water stream is precisely at bed bottom of local mineral powder at C boundary on the 2 glass column, then valve K on burette 1 was closed. Noted volume at A boundary, then distilled water was flowed to the 2 glass column filled with the local mineral powder by opening K valve. Grain Size Effect on Physical Characteristics of Bentonite, Quartz, Clay Bed The grain size affects the physical characteristics of bentonite, quartz, and clay. Therefore by knowing the grain size, the best physical properties could be determined. Physical characteristics e.g. Bulk density (ρb), effective porosity (ε), and permeability (k) were showed in the Fig. 5, 6, and 7 respectively. Fig. 5 shows that the smaller the grain sizes of the samples, the higher its density. This case is caused at constant volume; the smaller the grain size, the greater total particles to fill its volume. With total of particles increases, weight of the samples will increase so that the greater of the bulk density such as determined by using equation (2). Fig. 6 shows that the smaller of grain size of samples, the greater the porosity (ε). This case is caused by grain size smaller in the constant bed volume; hence total of particles will be larger. Each particle has internal pore, and then particles to fill bed volume to form external pore between particles. Powders of the backfill material with smaller grain size in the constant bed volume cause internal and external pores greater until total of pore volumes in the bed or usually expressed by effective porosity greater. Effective porosity result of mineral with variation of grain size according to experiment result expressed by Poernomo [11-12]. Fig. 5−7 showed that bentonite, quartz and clay with grain size of -80+120 mesh gave the bigger bulk density, the bigger effective porosity, and the smallest permeability. According to this result, hence bentonite, quartz, and clay with grain size of -80+120 mesh respectively are used as the mixture of local mineral to determine physical characteristics in the backfill material mixture of bentonite-quartz, clay-quartz, and bentonite-clay-quartz. Fig. 5−7 showed that at grain size of -80+120 mesh, bulk density of quartz > clay > bentonite, effective porosity of quartz > clay > bentonite, and permeability of quartz ≈ clay ≈ bentonite. Weight Ratio Effect of Mineral Local Mixture on Physical Characteristics The effect of bentonite-to-quartz, clay-to-quartz, and bentonite-to-clay-to-quartz weight ratio on physical characteristics was showed on the Fig. 8, 9, 10 respectively. Table 1 shows that mixture of bentonite-quartz with the composition bentonite of 80 wt.% and quartz of 20 wt.% give best of physical characteristics (ρb, ε, K). The mixture of clay-quartz with the composition clay of 60 wt.% and quartz of 40 wt.% gave best of physical characteristics. The mixture of bentonite-clay-quartz with the composition bentonite of 70 wt.%, clay of 10 wt.%, and quartz of 20 wt.% is the best of physical characteristics. The biggest bulk density of mineral local mixture can increase the mechanical strength in holding canister

REFERENCE

Centre for the Accelerator and Material Process Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jl. Babarsari P.O. Box 6101 Ykbb Yogyakarta 55281 Received January 8, 2010; Accepted August 30, 2010

Double Buble Maps

    DOUBLE BUBLE MAPS  Fe AND Al

When we compare or contrast items, we make statements of similarity or difference. These statements, as with statements of classification, may be based on the way things function, the way they look, their use, where they are found, etc. It is important to remember that when you compare and contrast, you make parallel statements; that is, you make similar statements about the items under discussion. You compare colours with colours, size with size, the policies of one government leader with the policies of another. You don't compare sizes with colours, or locations with use, or policies with personal beliefs.

 The eight map types are:

1. Circle Map

used for defining in context

2. Bubble Map

used for describing with adjectives

3. Flow Map

used for sequencing and ordering events

4. Brace Map

used for identifying part/whole relationships

5. Tree Map

used for classifying or grouping

6. Double Bubble Map

used for comparing and contrasting

7. Multi-flow map

used for analyzing causes and effects

8. Bridge map

used for illustrating analogies

    

    Used for Comparing and Contrasting, the map to be introduced is the Double Bubble Map.This map is created with two Bubble Maps. Two larger circles are drawn with the things to be compared. Middle bubbles are added to show the similarities between the two. Outside bubbles are drawn to the two larger circles with words that show the differences.

Double Bubble Criteria :  Must have a number of comparison ideas (circles in between the main idea bubbles/circles in the center) . All comparison ideas (circles in the center) should be colored the same color . Must have a number of contrasting ideas (circles on the outside of main idea bubbles) on each side. Each contrasting idea must match up topic for topic across from each other (country across from country, type of religion across from type of religion, etc.) and All contrasting ideas (circles on the outside of main idea bubbles) should be colored different colors although each topic for topic idea should be colored the same color.

1.       Isolator 2.       its materials of strength 3.       hard 4.       waterproof 5.       can send heat 6.       is easy to formed

       ALUMUNIUM

   Aluminium as commercial valuable metal got from result of metallurgy ekstraksi. To get this Aluminium [is] needed [by] standard Alumina upon which which got from processing of bauxite or recognized also with process of Bayer and process of Hall-Heroult. At the moment Indonesia have owned factory forge of alumunium of[is single by electrolyte discount which [in] management by PT. Inalum ( Indonesia Grindings of Alumunium) where raw material the core important [is] alumina ( Al2O3).

IRON ( Fe )

Iron have symbol of Fe and atomic number 26. Iron represent transition metal residing in [at] faction of VIII B and period 4. Iron [is] most second best metal abundance after alumunium. Iron [is] yielded metal of iron ore, and seldom meet in a state of free element.

 Iron [is] metal coming from iron ore ( tambang) which used many for everyday human life. Besides found copious [in] nature, iron [Is] also found [by] [in] star and sun. In periodic tables, iron have symbol of Fe atom dannomor 26. Iron also have high economic value. Iron have the character of to ossify, brittlely, and generally [is] easy to mingled.

 Iron [is] metal which at most and most immeasurable its use. That thing is because several things, among others • Iron what overflows [in] big enough earth husk • Its processing relative easy to and is cheap

 Iron have the nature of modified easy and beneficial.

REFERENCE

Keenan, CW. 1999. Kimia untuk Universitas. Erlangga. Jakarta.

Ralph H. 1990. Kimia Dasar Prinsip dan Terapan. Erlangga. Jakarta.

Rivai, H. 1995.Asas Pemeriksaan Kimia. UI Press. Jakarta.

Woller, Paul and Jerome H. Suple. 1996.Chemistry Elementary Principles

      . Addison WesleyPublishing Company Inc. London